Cytosolic Ca2+ signals and changes in pH are universal signaling elements that couple a wide range of stimuli to their characteristic responses in plants. Despite decades of intensive research, it is still poorly understood.

Plants rely on their sophisticated innate immune system to protect themselves from surrounding disease-causing pathogens.

Since 2000, oil palm cultivation has generated considerable controversy: more than 20 million ha of plantations have been linked with deforestation, burning, a high carbon footprint, biodiversity loss and environmental pollution from the palm oil industry.

In response to plant disease as a severe limiting factor in crop production, genomics-informed surveillance promises to support crop protection and biosecurity efforts.

The development of iron enriched “biofortified” crops is a sustainable way of increasing iron intakes at no additional cost to growers and food manufacturers.

In this talk, I will provide a unified review of approaches and explain their close interrelationships, emphasizing that all approaches rely on the standard error of the quantity of interest, most often a pairwise difference of two means.