Global climate change is challenging many forested ecosystems with drought, mean temperature increases, heat waves, and biotic agent outbreaks.

Currently there is little known about the apoplastic transport pathways of C4 grasses and how sugars are exported from the source leaves to the sinks such as stems and seeds.

Rising atmospheric CO2 concentrations could reach >1000 ppm by 2100, increasing global temperatures 3-4 °C. Both elevated CO2 and warming affect photosynthesis, altering plant growth, survival, and crop yield and quality.

Fungal pathogens of crop plants are a major cause for yield loss and a critical concern for global food security.

Nitrogen is a key determinant of crop productivity as the acquisition of nitrogen is crucial for photosynthesis and growth.

Legumes can get infected by both symbionts and parasites, often concurrently, in the field.