P-glycoprotein is an ATP Binding Cassette (ABC) transporter, expressed at numerous sanctuary sites protecting the body against xenobiotics. Overexpression of P-glycoprotein in cancer cells is associated with a multidrug resistance phenotype.

Glucose and lactate are critical metabolites for most living organisms. In certain circumstances, such as during the intra-erythrocytic stage of malaria parasites and in the glycolytic cancer cells, glycolysis provides the main energy by breaking down the glucose into lactate.

Immunotherapy is a re-emerging alternative to other invasive and debilitating cancer treatments. Monoclonal antibodies that disrupt immune checkpoint molecules, such as PD1 or CTLA4, continually demonstrate great promise.

Membrane transport proteins, also known as transporters, are crucial for the maintenance of cell physiology by facilitating the movement of ions, nutrients, metabolites, and waste across cell membranes.

F1Fo ATP synthase generates the majority of cellular energy by interconverting phosphate transfer energy and proton motive force via a rotary catalytic mechanism. Using cryo electron microscopy we have provided molecular snapshots of this complex enzyme in multiple states.

The Acinetobacter genus includes at least 70 named species that occupy environments which differ broadly in nutrient composition, water availability, temperature and other abiotic characteristics.