The wheat necrotrophic fungal pathogen, Parastagonospora nodorum, secretes effector proteins to manipulate host immunity and promote successful infection.

Escherichia coli extraintestinal infections (ExPEC) cause significant disease in humans and companion animals (cats and dogs).

The slow kinetics and poor substrate specificity of the key photosynthetic CO2-fixing enzyme Rubisco have prompted the repeated evolution of Rubisco containing compartments known as pyrenoids in diverse algal lineages and carboxysomes in prokaryotes.

Lindell Bromham

Bipolaris sorokiniana is a hemibiotrophic pathogen causing spot blotch (SB) and common root rot (CRR) in both wheat and barley, and is causal to significant yield and economic losses.

What is the effect of male age under sexual selection? Studies testing for age effects on reproduction have largely focused on female ageing and maternal effects, and the magnitude and direction of male age effects remain poorly understood.

Social behaviors are essential to the lives of many animals. “Complex” social behaviors are interactions among conspecifics take many forms, including repeated associations with particular individuals, interactions that differ across different contexts, or coordinated behaviors among many individuals. 

Prior to the discovery of C4 photosynthesis by Hal Hatch and Roger Slack in 1966 there were clues that some plants partitioned photosynthesis between specific leaf cell types.

Mathematical models of leaf photosynthesis provide a mechanistic base for predicting and assessing changes in photosynthetic CO2 fixation in different environments and provide a means of scaling predictions from leaves to canopies and regions.