ABSTRACT
Multilevel societies—where social groups show intergroup tolerance and repeatedly associate and merge with specific other groups—are among the most complex forms of social systems in vertebrates. They have been described in primates, cetaceans, and ungulates, yet the ecological conditions favouring their emergence remain poorly understood. Birds provide a promising system to address this gap. During my PhD, I proposed a theoretical link between cooperative breeding and the emergence of multilevel societies in birds and showed that superb fairy-wrens (Malurus cyaneus) form such a society, with individuals flexibly adjusting interactions among groups. In this species, intergroup tolerance and cooperation increase under harsher environmental conditions, highlighting the role of environmental variability in extending tolerance and cooperation beyond the group. To test the generality of this framework, I am extending this work to a Neotropical species, the white-winged trumpeter (Psophia leucoptera), examining how environmental variability shapes intergroup interactions in a tropical group-living bird. By combining evidence across contrasting ecosystems, my work aims to identify the ecological conditions under which intergroup tolerance emerges.

BIOGRAPHY

Ettore Camerlenghi is a behavioural ecologist interested in understanding how and why animals form cooperative relationships and how complexity arises from their social interactions. His research combines theoretical approaches with fieldwork to investigate the emergence of complex multilevel animal societies, where individuals form groups that are members of bands, and these bands are organized into clans, similar to most traditional human hunter-gatherer societies. Ettore received his PhD from Monash University (AU) in 2023, where he described the first known multilevel society of a songbird. To address his research questions, he applies hypotheses and theories from anthropology and primatology to birds, which he studies in both Australia and the Peruvian Amazon.